Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics is the study of how an organism affects a drug, whereas pharmacodynamics  is the study of how the drug affects the organism. It places particular emphasis on dose–response relationships, that is, the relationships between drug concentration and effect. Receptor binding and effect is the binding of ligands to receptors is controlled by the law of mass action which relates the large-scale status to the rate of numerous molecular processes. Multicellular pharmacodynamics is the study of the static and dynamic properties and relationships between a set of drugs and a dynamic and diverse multicellular four-dimensional organization. Both together influence dosing, therapeutic effect, and adverse effects. Liberation is the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. Absorption is the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution – the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolism is the chemical process of complex molecules changing into simple molecules in the body. Excretion is the removal of the substances from the body. Pharmacokinetic models are - Non-compartmental analysis, Compartmental analysis, Single-compartment model, Multi-compartmental models, Variable volume in time models